26 Voß and the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel. Authors such as Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg, known as Novalis, Friedrich Hölderlin, Clemens Brentano, and Ernst Moritz Arndt were all students in Jena — as was the ›inventor‹ of the kindergarten, the pedagogue Friedrich Fröbel. Regrettably, famous women such as Sophie Mereau and Caroline Schelling are often forgotten, despite leaving a substantial influence on Jena’s intellectual landscape. Several scientific greats should not be overlooked either, for instance Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, the inventor of the periodic law for the chemical elements, and Justus Christian Loder, the anatomist and later personal doctor of the Russian tsars. The German defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt on 14 October 1806 briefly put Jena under French influence. A resistance to this rule was quick to emerge, particularly among students. This development climaxed in the foundation of the first German student fraternity in 1815. The founding location, the Grüne Tanne pub, is the current headquarters of the Arminia auf dem Burgkeller fraternity, and it has started to open its doors to guests again over the last few years. The University has been a driving force behind the economic development of Jena, with the end of the nineteenth century seeing a notable boom. The world famous optics company Carl Zeiss Jena was founded by a Jena graduate at that time, as was the glass-making company Otto Schott. These two companies are still the major employers in the city to this day. In 1870, the economic symbiosis was completed by the physicist Ernst Abbe. Without his research (activities), Zeiss would have never produced high-quality microscopes and Schott would therefore have never had any reason to produce incredibly pure specialist glass. This vital contribution is commemorated by the University’s modern-day campus named ›Ernst-Abbe-Platz‹. In 1908, a new main building was erected on the foundations of the former City Castle of Jena to mark the 350th anniversary of the University. At the start of the twentieth century, the evolutionary biologist Ernst Haeckel also taught in Jena. Not far away from the eponymous city square, in his residence Villa Medusa, the Institute for the History of Medicine, Sciences and Technology Ernst-Haeckel-Haus is housed today. It is also worth noting that the logician and mathematician Gottlob Frege retired from years of teaching at the alma mater jenensis in 1917, having laid the groundwork for today’s computer technology with the development of formal language. In 1934, the University received its new full name which still applies today: Friedrich Schiller University Jena. In 1945, large parts of the old University building were destroyed during the Allied bombing raids. For ideological reasons, the University was rebranded as higher education institutions over the next few years. In this period, the Institute for Dialectic Materialism was founded, while there was was founded; the Institute for Marxism-Leninism was founded in 1960.
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